White Resistance to the Civil Rights Movement Essay

Civil Rights Throughout Reconstruction, southern whites felt constantly threatened by legislation providing rights for former slaves. The Civil Rights Bill of 1875 was the last rights bill passed by congress during reconstruction. It protected all Americans’ (including blacks) access to public accommodations such as trains. With the threat of complete equality constantly looming, violence toward former slaves gradually increased in the years following the Civil War. Beatings and murders were committed by organized groups like the Ku Klux Klan, out-of-control mobs, and individual white southern men. During Reconstruction, white southerners had limited governmental power, so they resorted to violence in order to control†¦show more content†¦The first thing that can be observed upon glancing at George Lewiss book â€Å"Massive resistance† is its cover image. It is a photograph of elementary school children and women protesting against desegregation in New Orleans in 1960. The main focus of the picture depicts two women yelling loudly along a sidewalk. At their side, a young schoolboy holds a poster that reads: All I want for Christmas is a clean white school. Other women and children stand in the background. One person is holding a poster that refers to states rights, as others gaze toward the street. Two women are attending the event wearing handkerchiefs and curlers, indicating that they possibly had rushed out of their homes to partake in the mornings activities. Above the scene is the books title, Massive Resistance. To a reader who might be unfamiliar with the general topic of this book, the cover’s text and image might illustrate somewhat of a contradiction. What people fail to consider is that massive resistance did not solely amount to what is visible in the photograph on the books cover. This does not depict all that stood in the way of African-Americans struggling to gain their civil rights. Women and children yelling from sidewalks with posters was one of many responses used by American Southerners in oppositionShow MoreRelatedThe Acceptance Of Blacks : America s Birth With The Signing Of The Declaration Of Independence1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Acceptance of Blacks in White America From America s birth with the signing of the Declaration of Independence there have been few movements that have affected as many people as the Civil Rights movement. In a world where blacks were always seen as inferior, any other notion or conception of blacks was highly untolerated. Since Abraham Lincoln had freed the slaves in 1886, there had been no discernable change in the state of racial affairs in America. Not until Brown v. Board of EducationRead MoreMartin Luther King Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagesturned prominent Civil Rights Movement leader that campaigned for the progression of civil rights in America. In his 13 years of leadership, he and his associates achieved more in attaining racial equality for the African-American population than the combined efforts of activists 350 years prior, through protests, grassroot organising and civil disobedience to achieve their goal of ending racial segregation. During his leadership, five notable legislations were passed: ‘Th e Civil Rights Act’ (1964),Read MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement1014 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican-American Civil Rights Movement. Specifically, the focus will be on the main activists involved in the movement such as Martin Luther King Jr and Rosa Parks and the major campaigns of civil resistance. 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It was this combination that made the song a true inspirationRead More African- American Civil Rights Movement of 1955-1968 Essay1437 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Civil Rights movements, which stretched from 1955 to 1968, aimed at restoring the rights of the African – American people and liberating them from the social and racial discrimination. This movement changed the social and political structure of the United States. The main catch was that the movement accomplished successful results following the ‘nonviolent resistance’, establishing the fact that the Christian religion believed in peace and equality. Birth of the Civil Rights Movements: UnitedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Meridian By Alice Walker1103 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"No person is your friend who demands your silence, or denies you the right to grow.† Due to the extreme patriarchal society based in the sixties era, women’s voices were often disregarded and silenced. In the historical novel Meridian, by Alice Walker, the main female protagonist, Meridian, struggles to comply with the harsh patriarchal systems set in place in her community, in turn, she uses her silence as a form of resistance. She has various encounters with a man named Truman, whom she is in loveRead MoreUnderstanding The Origins Of Black Resistance1501 Words   |  7 PagesCobb illustrates that armed self-defense as a form of black resistance dates back to the colonial era. Whereas historian Jacquelyn Dowd Hall has urged historians to look to Reconstruction to understand the origins of black resistance, Cobb begins even earlier with the emergence of American slavery. As a former member of SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), Cobb uses both his own experiences to highlight the complex relationship between nonviolent activism and armed self-defense at theRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The 1960s And 1960954 Words   |  4 Pagesovercome racial prejudice, truly we have come a long way from the civil rights moment. The history of the United States is a series of many current social changes that have occurred. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960’s was one of the most significant and important for the equality of all people. 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Upon close examinationRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pages The Civil Rights Movement lead nonviolently by Martin Luther King in the 1960s is an important era to examine when analyzing the extent to which the ideology of Carl Schmitt remains relevant to domestic conflict outside of the interwar period. Schmitt’s theory assists in understanding the racial segregation in the United States as political. However, while King identified similar critiques of liberalism as Schmitt, he believed th at nonviolent direct action was an effective, politically engaged method

Analysis of the Methods Used to Make the Opening Battle...

Analysis of the Methods Used to Make the Opening Battle Sequence of Saving Private Ryan Shocking and Realistic The Oscar winning wartime epic, Saving Private Ryan, produced by Steven Spielberg was set in 1998, with an opening half hour sequence that was shattering in its realism and ruthless in its depiction of violence. Saving Private Ryan breaks some of the traditional conventions of the war film genre as hand held cameras operating at incredibly fast shutter speeds, capture the chaos and confusion dozens of soldiers undergo whilst battling for their lives and nation at†¦show more content†¦We see both American and French flags at this scene symbolizing a peace between the two. The music accompanying this scene is a calm patriotic melody which would make us, the audience feel calm. We’re then shown that the man is rushing toward s a grave site as we see an establishing shot of a breath taking number of graves, rows and columns which we recognise to be the gravesite of those whom had died in a war. The elderly man reaches a particular grave, at which he falls to his knees before. The camera at this point is perfectly still from a higher angle view down upon the man and showing his family several feet behind him. The camera just at a still portrays a calm mood. Then the camera focuses on the elderly man’s face and slowly progresses into an extreme close up onto his eyes. His eyes seem to fill with thought and possibly memory and the patriotic music seem to rise dramatically. The transition form pat to present then takes place and we are brought to a scene of ocean waves crashing up against iron hedgehogs. The sound had gone from calm to violent crashing, this gives an impression of a turn of events and we recognise that we must have been brought into the past by the fact that the man was elderly. Through most of this opening scene we notice that thereShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Methods Used to Make the Opening Battle Sequence of Saving Private Ryan Shocking and Realistic1256 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of the Methods Used to Make the Opening Battle Sequence of Saving Private Ryan Shocking and Realistic Saving Private Ryan was directed by Steven Spielburg and was first released on the 11th September 1998. The film runs for a total of two hours and fifty minutes and it won five Academy Awards including one for the Best Director in 1999. Steven Spielburg has directed many award winning films such as Jaws in 1975, ET The Extra Terrestrial in 1982 and Minority ReportRead MoreAnalysis of The Method Used to Make The Opening Battle Sequence Of Saving Private Ryan Both Shocking and Realistic1741 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of The Method Used to Make The Opening Battle Sequence Of Saving Private Ryan Both Shocking and Realistic ‘Saving Private Ryan’(1998) is just one of many successful films made by Steven Spielberg, arguably one of the best directors and producers we have known, he has presented us with many different genres and topics within his films which make them both enjoyable and sometimes even educational mixing a sense of realism and entertainment, that locks in the audienceRead MoreThe Analysis of Saving Private Ryan by Steven Spielberg Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesThe Analysis of Saving Private Ryan by Steven Spielberg Analyse he methods used to make the opening sequence of ‘Saving Private Ryan’ both shocking and realistic, and discuss its effectiveness as an opening to a film The film ‘Saving Private Ryan’ was released on September 11th 1998; the film was directed by Steven Spielberg, and was produced by Paramount pictures along with DreamWorks. Steven Spielberg has directed manyRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesassignments and presentations www.wiley.com/college/quickstart Technical Support 24/7 FAQs, online chat, and phone support www.wileyplus.com/support Your WileyPLUS Account Manager Training and implementation support www.wileyplus.com/accountmanager MAKE IT YOURS! Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Tenth Edition David A. DeCenzo Coastal Carolina University Conway, SC Stephen P. Robbins San Diego State University San Diego, CA Tenth Edition Contributor Susan L. Verhulst Des MoinesRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pageseventually resigned closely followed within a month by the Programme Assistant Director. This Programme is still ongoing and has survived since it is being paid for out of the public purse. It would have been culled last year if this had been a private sector Programme! 1. [pic] Anish Mathai Mathew [PMP|MBA] Temenos T24 PROGRAM MANAGER at Union National Bank @Karl: Thanks for your comment and the great example. Guess in that case you d agree that LUCK (no matterRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pageswith My Job? 70 CONTENTS ix S A L An Ethical Choice Do Employers Owe Workers More Satisfying Jobs? 74 glOBalization! Culture and Work–Life Balance 76 Self-Assessment Library Am I Engaged? 78 Myth or Science? â€Å"Favorable Job Attitudes Make Organizations More Profitable† 83 Point/Counterpoint Employer–Employee Loyalty Is an Outdated Concept 87 Questions for Review 88 Experiential Exercise What Factors Are Most Important to Your Job Satisfaction? 89 Ethical Dilemma Bounty Hunters 89 CaseRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesposition of a number of organisations in the same industry with a relatively short case. For a case that permits a more comprehensive industry analysis The Pharmaceutical Industry could be used. However, if the purpose is more focused – illustrating the use of ‘ï ¬ ve forces’ analysis – the TUI case study or Illustration 2.3 on The Steel Industry could be used. Some cases are written entirely from published sources but most have been prepared in cooperation with and approval of the management of the

Marxism and Hobbes Concept of Human Nature free essay sample

A look at Marxism and some of Hobbes theories in the realm of human nature. This is a brief debate on the concept of Marxism. It gives comments in favor as well as in against of the concept and mentions the arguments of Carl Marx in favor of it. Moreover, it discusses the Hobbes theory of human nature in this context. Karl Marx laid the foundation of modern communism and socialism. His writings in the early nineteenth century initiated the movement of socialism set the wheels of modern Communism and Socialism in motion. With the help of his friend, Heinrich Engels, he developed the philosophy and concept of Communism in the year 1848. his theory was adopted by a number of failed countries for the development of their economies and political structures. The major economies that adopted this philosophy include the U.S.S.R and East Germany. The majority of people today believe that Marxism is no more applicable and that the theory has failed. We will write a custom essay sample on Marxism and Hobbes Concept of Human Nature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason being that the ideas proposed by Karl Marx are not in consistence with the type of the societies that prevail today. The current system of a welfare society has outclassed the arguments made by Marx and have proved them to be irrelevant.

Tobacco Companies and thier ethics Essay Example For Students

Tobacco Companies and thier ethics Essay Tobacco Companies actively market a highly addictive and lethal product, and have done so for many years here in the United States and abroad. Their lack of ethics and social responsibility in the business world are apparent in documentation brought to light during lawsuits against them in recentyears. The desire for profit and expansion, rather than a concern for societal health, has dictated big tobacco company operations. These wealthy world powers continue to exercise unethical business practices in their approach to conducting business at a great communal and economic cost to societies worldwide. Ethics may be defined as a collection of moral principles and values regarding right and wrong that control individual and group behavior. Standards for ethical behavior and decisions arise from those moral principles and values. An individual or group may benefit or harm others in society. Human behavior may be categorized in one of three ways: codified law, free choice, or ethics. Laws enforced by the government provide values and standards society must obey. Free choice exists at the other end of the spectrum and provides complete freedom to pursue self-interests. No laws restrict free choice behaviors. Ethics occupies the zone between codified law and free choice. Society has shared beliefs and values used to dictate acceptable behavior. Ethical decisions are legally and morally approved by society (Daft, 25). We will write a custom essay on Tobacco Companies and thier ethics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Tobacco companies produce a product for society desire and they make a profit doing so. They also satisfy legal responsibilities and obey laws although their political influence has frequently slanted the government process in their favor financially. Problems arise for tobacco companies when only law or free choice controls decision-making. Although producing and selling tobacco is legal, the business is not automatically ethical and does not benefit society as a whole. The positive effects of jobs within the tobacco industry are outweighed by the negative social, health, and economic costs to society. Currently, some tobacco companies are exercising discretionary responsibility by voluntary social contributions such as providing food, water, and other supplies to flood victims after recent hurricanes. This is the highest level of social responsibility and goes beyond societys expectations of the company (Daft, 28).The true motivation is more likely to improve their reputation rather than pure generosity. Legal action against tobacco companies left them with tarnished reputations. The tobacco companies have placed economic gain as the number one goal over social responsibility and have ignored the role of ethics in their business practices. Business has allowed corruption in the workplace. Competition is the essence of business. Winning is more important than how the game is played and the reward for tobacco companies is financial. Managers understand right and wrong in their personal life, but do not feel it applies to business practice. Generally people make an ethical decision w hen going to work for a company, then leave the ethical decisions to the company. The society of business rewards performance by obeying rules and performing tasks, not on how performance affects the outside world. As the jobs move further down the line into smaller pieces of the overall puzzle, it is easier to view the relationship between action and effect as less morally and operationally objectionable. In this way, large corporations serve to insulate individuals from the victims of the companys actions. The empathetic feeling that stimulates the conscience is absent. For workers today, life at work is an important social arena outside of the home (Krohe, 16). Ties to the community, extended family, and the political system are weaker compared to past generations. Workers may fear losing their job, and therefore, the desire for acceptance in the workplace encourages them to adopt corporate culture. Tobacco companies display a lack of ethical concern in producing, marketing, and selling tobacco products. The addictive and harmful effects of cigarettes were already well known by tobacco companies from the 1950s (Stauber, 1). The need to keep a supply of consumers addicted to nicotine in order to profit led to the development of the public relations industry. Exposing the tobacco companies knowledge and business practices began with a paralegal named Merrell Williams, Jr. He sent copies of a major tobacco companys internal communications from a law firm to Stan Glantz at the University of California at San Francisco who then published The Cigarette Papers. This analysis of what the tobacco companies knew and how they concealed it from the public was also published in the July 1995 issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association (Gibbs, 2). This proved the tobacco companies lied about their findings. .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c , .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c .postImageUrl , .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c , .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c:hover , .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c:visited , .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c:active { border:0!important; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c:active , .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u27b5ee4d64c1994fb44c729409dd621c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kaymito Leaves as Antiseptic Mouthwash EssayWhen possible harmful effects from smoking led to a decline in cigarette sales, tobacco companies hired legendary public relations figures John Hill, Ivy Lee, and Edward Bernays to restore the security of their product in the market. This psychological marketing was first used on women and the children and included third party advocacy, subliminal message reinforcement, junk science, advocacy advertising, phony front groups, and buying favorable advertising and news reports (Stauber, 2). Sales to women increased with the implied message that cigarettes keep you slim from Virginia Slims and slogans such as Reach for a Lucky instea d of a sweet. To break the taboo that respectable women do not smoke, they produced advertising equating cigarettes with freedom as a symbol of womens liberation. Deluging society with decades of advertising on TV, in magazines, movies, radio, and billboards identified cigarettes with sex, youth, freedom, and vitality. By opening new markets in foreign countries, the tobacco companies continued to profit despite the bad press. Well-paid, powerful lobbyists prevented attempts to impose serious regulation and taxation by the government. The front group, National Smokers Alliance, created by Burson-Marstellar Public Relations and Philip Morris, set out to organize tobacco victims in order to protect tobacco profits. This state of the art campaign ran full-page newspaper ads, engaged in direct telemarketing, paid canvassers, and set up a toll free number and newsletters to bring smokers into the group. Paid young activists visited bowling alleys and bars to sign up smokers and encourage them to stand up for smokers rights. NSA members were encouraged to apply political pressure on politicians with regard to smoking in the workplace. Implying anti-smokers were anti-American pushed a discrimination against smokers freedom and rights, and was effective in uniting the group. Another front group created by PR and Philip Morris in California, nearly succeeded in overturning many restrictions already on the law books. The Californians for Statewide Smoking Restrictions implied they were for smoking restrictions, but actually favored smokers (Stauber, 3). Anti-smoking groups educated the public about the groups funding source andthe tobacco companys smokescreen failed. Politically, tobacco companies wield immense influence through political contributions and well-connected lobbyists (Common Cause, 1). By delaying or blocking bills, the tobacco industry avoided control by the government for years. Politicians were rewarded financially by tobacco and stood to lose easy campaign money if they challenged tobacco. Tobacco companies also exerted influence against anti-tobacco politicians by contributing to their competitors campaigns. Generous awards, special interest money, and jobs after public service sweetened the deal and bought silence and inactivity on legislative bills for many years. Now public awareness and the media make tobacco supporters less popular. Congress has a moral and public policy duty to prevent smoking in children (Common Cause, 1-2). The goal for tobacco companies is now to avoid losing legal and political battles. The battle to alter public opinion on smoking and health is already lost (Stauber, 3). Eventually ignoring ethics le ads to more laws and regulations as society attempts to alter unethical business practice (Daft, 2). One ploy used by the tobacco companies to ease the minds of nervous consumers was the creation of the low tar cigarette. The actual tar exposure and the subsequent health risk are about the same as a conventional cigarette. and nicotine amounts listed on the cigarette label came from machines designed to smoke the cigarette, not humans. The appeal to the public came from the implied lower tar and nicotine yield and thus a lower health risk. The tobacco companies documents indicate the effects of tobacco were known for many years. The cigarettes were designed to give low readings when machines smoked them and higher yield when people smoked them (Jarvis, 2).The tar In 1978 the US Tobacco Institute indicated passive smoking might be harmful (Lown, 1). This changed smoking into a public health dilemma for the entire community. After successful workmans compensation cases, came the intro duction of restrictions for smoking on the job. Consumption of cigarettes and profits dropped in response. Tobacco companies responded to another attack by advertising, attempting to discredit medical research, promoting smokers rights organizations, and by evaluating for sick building syndrome. Sick building syndrome is a general term used to refer to the development of a variety of signs and symptoms believe to be caused by exposure to indoor air (Lown, 1). It diverted unwelcome attention away from smoking in the workplace, and focused on pollutants other than smoke as the cause of employee illness. .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 , .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 .postImageUrl , .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 , .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85:hover , .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85:visited , .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85:active { border:0!important; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85:active , .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85 .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u599064d34f8773d1cb7e42791f4e9b85:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Ozone Layer EssayEvidence shows most smokers begin smoking at about fourteen years of age and almost all begin before reaching adulthood. Studies indicate the earlier the habit begins, the harder it is to quit. Most smokers are addicted to nicotine before they are old enough to legally purchase cigarettes. Compared to smokers that begin smoking in adulthood, adolescents are more likely to smoke heavily all their life, die prematurely, and succumb to smoking related illness. As with other health related concerns, teens are notoriously unconcerned with future health risks. Adolescents underestimate the harmful effects of cigarettes and do not realize addiction to nicotin e is possible even with experimentation. Nicotine delivered through tobacco is quite addictive. Teens believe they can avoid the long-term harmful effects by smoking for only a few years. Most young people do not plan on smoking for the rest of their lives at the outset. Because of their incomplete growth and development, teens are incapable of understanding what smoking will do to them physically and emotionally. Cigarettes are sold everywhere. Access for minors is easy with vending machines. Convenience stores often sell cigarettes next to the candy racks. Youth receive the message society is not concerned with preventing tobacco use in young people (SAILOR, 1). Another way tobacco companies manipulate youth is by sponsoring sporting and music events. A large number of youth attend these events and tobacco companies get high visibility advertising for their investment. It cements the connection between athletic prowess, artistic expression, glamour, entertainment, individuality, and cigarettes (SAILOR, 2). Tobacco companies indirectly imply cigarettes are a part of that world and smoking is a way of belonging. Despite the attacks on tobacco in this country their profits remain high as they relocate their battle onto foreign soil. Their long-range goal is to maintain current profits in industrialized nations and concentrate their resources on third world countries, Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union. In the past ten years sales in the US fell seventeen percent, but exports rose two hundred fifty-nine percent. For RJ Reynolds and Philip Morris sixty percent of their profits are generated from foreign countries (Lown, 3). Developing countries are vulnerable to tobacco companies in several ways. Many foreign countries have no advertising controls in place to limit tobacco advertising. They also do not have appropriate health warning requirements and few, if any, pressure groups fighting for tobacco controls. There are usually no age restrictions or limitations on public smoking. Foreign populations are poorly educated as to tobaccos harmful effects and there is no health information directed to the tobacco companies target teens. Because cigarettes sold overseas have a higher tar and nicotine content, they are very addictive and more lethal (Lown, 3). should not rule business. The goal is to eliminate the tobacco industry not merely drive them into bankruptcy (Gibbs, 2). Not long ago it was unheard of to fight a tobacco company in court and win. Eliminating smoking may be possible sooner than we realize. Measures to end the reign of tobacco should begin in the United States. The American Medical Association has recommended the elimination of all tobacco advertising, regulation of cigarettes as drug delivery devices, prohibition of tobacco exports, and to continue aggressive legal action to recover medical costs from tobacco companies. Society must convey the importance of preventing youth smoking by demanding and enforcing no tobacco use on school and restricted public property and strictly penalizing distribution of cigarettes to minors. Effective counseling and treatment for addicted smokers is essential to help end tobaccos grip on the public. The public attitude toward smoking continues to shift in favor of healthier life habi ts. Finally public pressure is forcing the unethical tobacco companies to pay up. Bibliography:Works CitedDaft, Richard L. (1997) Management. Fort Worth: Dryden PressGibbs, W. Wayt (1998) Big Tobaccos Worst Nightmare. In ScientificAmerican. Available: http://www.sciam.com/1998/0798issue/0798profile.html (10-18-99)Jarvis, Martin, and Bates, Clive (1999) Why Low Tar Cigarettes Dont Workand How the Tobacco Industry Has Fooled The Smoking Public. Available:http://www.ash.org.uk/papers/big-one.htmlKrohe, James (1997) Ethics are Nice, but Business is Business and related articles.In Across The Board. 1997, v. 34, n. 4, p. 16(7)Lown, Bernard (1998) Tobacco 2- The Opium Wars of the 21st Century: Tobaccoand the Developing World. Available: http://www.healthnet.org/programs/procor/9710comm.htmlStauber, John and Rampton, Sheldon (1995) Smokin! How the American Tobacco Industry Employs PR Scum to Continue Its Murderous Assault on Human Lives. Available: http://desrt.net/tw/11-22-95/cover.htmlThe Inhalers. In Common Cause Magazine. (Spring 1995)Available:http://www.ccsi.com/comcause/news/exhale.htmlThe Tobacco Use Among Youth. SAILOR Marylands online public information network. Available:http://www.sailor.lib.md.ustopics/nosale/no_sale.I.html